TVXQ! 동방신기_Something_Music Video

Giveaway 2 KPOP Bracelets 2NE1 + JYJ!

I just joined a giveaway. A 2NE1 and JYJ Bracelet as a price. woot! woot!
Here's the link: http://www.sakuranko.com/2013/11/giveaway-2-kpop-bracelets-2ne1-jyj.html

romelie japon

hi guys...
iview pud atong blog oie...
jazzel.,yaw ichange ang password ha...
programming na gud ko nalagpot..
share mu ug information through here..
tnx au..
cge,,bye2

HTML-Navarra

we don`t have a new topic....,

it is still the Html...,


we have our group project...,


we need to make a website for our school using html or css....

the deadline of this project is before or on the finals...

good luck to all of us....

PROJECT is a BLAST!! (SISON)

OUR next TASK:

GROUP 1-5 was assigned to have PC PArallel Port or making a program in using different device such as BUZZER, LED (LigHt EmmiTing DioDes), Push ButtoNS and Etc... WATever..

Their task is difficult as well as GROUPs 6-10:

THey were assigned to have HTML's or making WEBPAGES that Contains inFormations about OUR SCHOOL!! :))

yeS, it is faRther quite Simple oF what the other group's TASK! but it is reALLY, VERRryy LENGthY... when encODIng DATA and inFo's About OUr SchOOl!!

we can do it GUYZ!!

GOODLUCK to DELPi! BReaK a LEG!!

CSS (SISON)

CSS! (CASCADING sTYlE sHEEt!) tHis contains all the format for your HTML.

External Style Sheet
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the link tag. The link goes inside the head section.

☼Internal Style Sheet☼
An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section with the style tag.

☼Features of External Style Sheet☼

By using the Link Tag to load a basic external style sheet (CSS), it's possible to control the look n feel of multiply WebPages by making changes to one style sheet.
This means that it is easy to change font, bgcolor, background.

⌂Types of external CSS☼
There are three types of external style sheets
♥Persistent
♥Preferred
♥Alternate
The most common external style sheet is the persistent link.
To use special definitions, such as the .note shown at the end of the example, just use the Span tag to set the format around a section. For example, the .note defined in the example can be used for all footnotes on ALL pages by using this code.

HTML(FRAMESET) **SISON**

We learn that with Frames, we can display more than one Web page in the same browser window.


Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.
The disadvantages of using frames are the Web developer must keep track HTML documents and it is difficult to print the entire page.

p The frameset tag defines how to divide the window into frames
p Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
p The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column will occupy



TAG
DESCRIPTION
(frameset)_Defines a set of frames
(frame)_Defines a sub window (a frame)
(noframes)_Defines a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames.
(iframe)_Defines an inline sub window (frame)

v Frameborder=No or Yes defines whether to make the frameborder dividing the windows become visible or not.

v border-=“n” – when the value for frameborder is YES, you can set the thickness of the border in pixels by entering a number to the value.

v Framespacing=“n” defines the spacing between the 2 framesets in the window. The expected value here is a number.

v Bordercolor=“rrggbb” applies color to the border when it is turned on. Replace “rrggbb” with hexadecimal color value.

v Name=“anyname” assigns a name to the frame on the left (if vertical) or top frame (if horizontal) in the frameset definition.

v Noresise tells the browser to lock the border.

v Scrolling=“YES or NO” controls whether the scrollbar is turned on or not. The default is NO. When turned on, and if the page of the document is long, the scrollbar will become visible.

v Scr=“file.html” – the document you’re calling to load in the window. SRC is short for source file.

HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (Sison)

"""HTML is one of those interesting LeSSOn we ever had. It'S muCh pReferably than PROGRAMMING!! and QUITE EnjoyAbLe when u DO the TAsk!"""


THe Hard Part Of HTML is when u will/ u sHoULd memorize or have The Codes with its corresponding aBbreviated words!! Or else You cAnt unDersTand what u are really DOIN!!

HTML or Hyper Text Markup Language is a text file containing small markup tags .The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page. HTML file can be created using a simple text editor.

♣We can easily edit files using a WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) editor like:
⌂Frontpage
⌂Claris Home Page
⌂Adobe PageMill
instead of writing your markup tags in a plain text file. But if we want to be skillful Web developer, we should use a plain text editor to learn your primer HTML.

♣HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements and HTML elements are defined using HTML tags.

♣HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements and surrounded by the two characters <> called angle brackets . The text between the start and end tags is the element content.

♣The World Wide Web Consortium(W3C) recommends lowercase tags in their HTML 4 recommendation, and XHTML (the next generation HTML) demands lowercase tags.

♣Tag attributes can provide additional information about the HTML elements in your page.
nThis tag defines the body of your HTML page:.With an added bgcolor attribute, you can tell the browser that the background color of your page should be red.

external style sheet (CSS) -Joannacel Paraiso

STYLES

External Style Sheet

• An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the "link" tag. The "link" goes inside the head section.

Internal Style Sheet

• An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section with the "style" tag.

Features of External Style Sheet

>By using the Link Tag to load a basic external style sheet (CSS), it's possible to control the look n feel of multiply WebPages by making changes to One style sheet. (Alternate: Advanced CSS Generator)
This means that it is easy to change font, bgcolor, background, etc on ALL pages - just by changing one external style sheet (CSS).

Types of external CSS

• The three types of external style sheets (persistent, preferred, or alternate) are explained in Detail at The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (section 14.3). The most common external style sheet is the persistent link. The 'link' is always added to the Head Section .

Special Elements

• To use special definitions, such as the .note shown at the end of the example, just use the Span tag to set the format around a section.

Summary:

• An external style sheet (CSS) is perfect - when the same style / format / look n feel is required on numerous pages. With an external style sheet, the webmaster can change the look of the entire site - by changing one file.

HTML FRAMES - Joannacel Paraiso

HTML FRAMES

• With Frames, you can display more than one Web page in the same browser window.

FRAMES

• Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.
• The disadvantages of using frames are:
  *The Web developer must keep track HTML documents
  *It is difficult to print the entire page.

THE FRAMESET TAG

• The "frameset" tag defines how to divide the window into frames
• Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
• The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column will occupy
• The "frame" tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame.
• In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window.
• The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser window.
• The HTML document document “frame_a.htm” is put into the first column, and the HTML document “frame_b.htm” is put into the second column.

BASIC NOTES-USEFUL TIPS

• If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent a user from doing this, you can add noresize-“noresize” to the frame tag.
• Add the "no frames" tag for browser that do not support frames.
• You cannot use the "body""/body" tags together with the "frameset""/frameset" tags.
• However, if you will add "noframes" tag for browser that do not support frames, you will enclose the text in body /body tags.

Frameset Attributes Explained

• Cols-“150,150” – it tells the browser to create columns (vertical setup) of 2. The left column’s width is 150 pixels, while the other is 850 pixels.
• Frameborder-No or Yes – defines whether to make the frameborder dividing the windows become visible or not.
• border-“n” – when the value for frameborder is YES, you can set the thickness of the border in pixels by entering a number to the value.
• Framespacing-“n” – defines the spacing between the 2 framesets in the window. The expected value here is a number.
• Bordercolor-“rrggbb” – applies color to the border when it is turned on. Replace “rrggbb” with hexadecimal color value.
• Name-“anyname” – assigns a name to the frame on the left (if vertical) or top frame (if horizontal) in the frameset definition.
• Noresise – tells the browser to lock the border.
• Scrolling-“YES or NO” – controls whether the scrollbar is turned on or not. The default is NO. When turned on, and if the page of the document is long, the scrollbar will become visible.
• Scr-“file.html” – the document you’re calling to load in the window. SRC is short for source file.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

FrameSet (SISON)

HTML FRAMESET




FRAMES

*Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.


The disadvantages of using frames are:
The Web developer must keep track HTML documents
It is difficult to print the entire page.


The Frameset Tags are:
The tag defines how to divide the window into frames
Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each
row/column will occupy



The Frame Tags are:
The tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame.
In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window.
The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser window.
The HTML document document “frame_a.htm” is put into the first column, and the HTML document “frame_b.htm” is put into the second column.
Example is:

HTML Frameset- NAVARRA

We discuss about the HTML frame....


FRAMES

• Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.
• The disadvantages of using frames are:
  The Web developer must keep track HTML documents
  It is difficult to print the entire page.

The Frameset Tags are:

• The tag defines how to divide the window into frames
• Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
• The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column will occupy

Example is:

The Frame Tags are:

• The tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame.
• In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window.
• The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser window.
• The HTML document document “frame_a.htm” is put into the first column, and the HTML document “frame_b.htm” is put into the second column.

Example is:

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

• If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent a user from doing this, you can add noresize=“noresize” to the tag.
• Add the tag for browser that do not support frames.
• You cannot use the tags together with the tags.
• However, if you will add tag for browser that do not support frames, you will enclose the text in <body></body> tags. </span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size:85%;color:#ff0000;"><span style="color:#000000;"><p><span style="font-size:130%;color:#cc33cc;">FRAME TAGS</span></p><span style="font-size:130%;color:#cc33cc;"></span><p> <br /><frameset> ------ Defines a set of frames <br /> <br /><frame> ------ Defines a sub window (a frame) <br /> <br /><noframes> ----- Defines a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames. <br /> <br /><iframe> ----- Defines an inline sub window (frame) </p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-size:130%;color:#cc33cc;">Frame and Tags Attributes</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-size:100%;color:#ff0000;"><em>Sample:</em></span></p><em><span style="font-size:100%;color:#ff0000;"></span></em><p> <br /> <span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><html> <br /> <head> <title> Hello, World! </title> <br /> </head> <br /> <frameset cols=&#8220;150,150&#8221; frameborder=&#8220;YES&#8221; <br /> frame spacing=&#8220;5&#8221; bordercolor=&#8220;0099ff&#8221;> <br /> <frame name=&#8220;leftframe&#8221; scrolling=&#8220;NO&#8221; <br /> noresize src=&#8220;menu.html&#8221;> <br /> <frame name="&#8220;right" scr="&#8220;mainpage.html&#8221;"> <br /> </frameset> <br /> </html></span> <br /></span> <br /><span style="font-size:130%;color:#cc33cc;">Frameset Attribute Explained:</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><strong> </strong><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Cols=&#8220;150,150&#8221; &#8211; it tells the browser to create columns <vertical></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Frameborder=No or Yes &#8211; defines whether to make the frameborder dividing the windows become visible or not. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;">border-=&#8220;n&#8221; &#8211; when the value for frameborder is YES, you can set the thickness of the border in pixels by entering a number to the value. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Framespacing=&#8220;n&#8221; &#8211; defines the spacing between the 2 framesets in the window. The expected value here is a number. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Bordercolor=&#8220;rrggbb&#8221; &#8211; applies color to the border when it is turned on. Replace &#8220;rrggbb&#8221; with hexadecimal color value. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Name=&#8220;anyname&#8221; &#8211; assigns a name to the frame on the left (if vertical) or top frame (if horizontal) in the frameset definition. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;"> Noresise &#8211; tells the browser to lock the border. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Scrolling=&#8220;YES or NO&#8221; &#8211; controls whether the scrollbar is turned on or not. The default is NO. When turned on, and if the page of the document is long, the scrollbar will become visible. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Scr=&#8220;file.html&#8221; &#8211; the document you&#8217;re calling to load in the window. SRC is short for source file. </span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size:100%;color:#33ccff;"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#000000;"><p> </p><p><em><span style="color:#ff0000;">Another Example:</span></em></p><p> <frameset rows="12%,*,4%" border="0" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> <br /><frame name="maskhead1" scrolling="no" src="header.htm" border="1" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> <br /> <frameset cols="140,85%" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> <br /> <frame name="contents" src="menu.html" scrolling="no" border="1" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> <br /> <frame name="body" src="search3.html" id="main" scrolling="auto" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> <br /> </frameset> <br /><frame name="below" scrolling="no" src="footer.html" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> <br /></frameset> <br /> <br /></span>We also have an activity about this lesson...... it is so hard but fun..... We are spending almost 5 hours a day in the internet cafe just to finish the activity.... isn`t in fun???????? <br /> <br /></p></span><p> <br /> <br /></span></span> <br /></span> <br /></span> <br /> <br /></p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>jjajjajjazz</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/02/html-frameset-navarra.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/02/html-frameset-navarra.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-02-18T23:31:00-08:00'>11:31&#8239;PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4264704831170127726/8084561201214569900' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-375560760'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4264704831170127726&postID=8084561201214569900&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, February 11, 2009</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4264704831170127726' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='8760066054172042275' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='8760066054172042275'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/02/learnings-of-week-paraiso_8999.html'>What is an HTML File? - Joannacel A. Paraiso</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8760066054172042275' itemprop='description articleBody'> <div align="center"> <span style="color: #6600cc; font-size: 180%;"><strong>HTML</strong></span></div> <div align="left"> </div> <div align="left"> <span style="font-size: 130%;"><br /><span style="color: #ff99ff;">What is an HTML File?</span></span></div> <ul> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor. </span></div> </li> </ul> <div align="left"> <br /><span style="color: #ff99ff;">HTM or HTML Extension?</span></div> <ul> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ffccff;"><span style="color: #ccccff;">When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html extension. We have used .htm in our examples. It might be a bad habit inherited from the past when some of the commonly used software only allowed three letters extensions.</span> </span></div> </li> </ul> <div align="left"> <br /><span style="color: #ff99ff;">HTML Elements:</span></div> <ul> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">HTML elements are defined using HTML tags. </span></div> </li> </ul> <div align="left"> <br /><span style="color: #ff99ff;">HTML Tags</span></div> <ul> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters and </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">The surroundings characters are called angle brackets </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">HTML tags normally come in pairs like b and b </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">The text between the start and end tags is the element content. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">HTML tags are not case sensitive, b means the same as B</span> </div> </li> </ul> <div align="left"> <br /><span style="color: #ff99ff;">Why do we Use Lowercase Tags ?</span></div> <ul> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">HTML tags are not case sensitive:B means the same as b. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">When you surf the Web, you will notice that most tutorials use uppercase HTML tags in their examples. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">Why we always use lowercase tags? </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">If you want to prepare yourself for the next generations of HTML, you should start using lowercase tags. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">The World Wide Web Consortium(W3C) recommends lowercase tags in their HTML 4 recommendation, and XHTML (the next generation HTML) demands lowercase tags. </span></div> </li> </ul> <div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;"><br /></span><span style="color: #ff99ff;">Tag Attributes</span> </div> <ul> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">Tag attributes can provide additional information about the HTML elements in your page. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">This tag defines the body of your HTML page:body.With an added bgcolor attribute, you can tell the browser that the background color of your page should be red, like this: body bgcolor &#8220;red&#8221;. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">This tag defines an HTML table:table. With an added border attribute, you can tell the browser that the table should have no borders: <br /><table border="&#8220;0&#8221;"></table> </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">Attributes always come in name/value pairs like this: name &#8220;value&#8221;. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">Attributes are always added to the start tag of an HTML element. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">Attributes values should always be enclosed in quotes. </span></div> </li> <ul></ul> <div align="left"> <br /><span style="color: #ff99ff;">Basic HTML Tags</span></div> <blockquote> </blockquote> <ul> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">The most important tags in HTML are tags that define headings, paragraphs and line breaks.</span> </div> </li> </ul> <div align="left"> <br /><span style="color: #ff99ff;">Comments in HTML</span></div> <ul> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">The comment tag is used to insert a comment in the HTML source code. A comment will be ignored by the browser. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">You can use comments to explain your code, which can help you when you edit the source code at a later date. </span></div> </li> <li><div align="left"> <span style="color: #ccccff;">Note that you need an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.</span></div> </li> </ul> <div align="left"> <br /><br /></div> </ul> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>jjajjajjazz</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/02/learnings-of-week-paraiso_8999.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/02/learnings-of-week-paraiso_8999.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-02-11T23:32:00-08:00'>11:32&#8239;PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4264704831170127726/8760066054172042275' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-375560760'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4264704831170127726&postID=8760066054172042275&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/search/label/HTML' rel='tag'>HTML</a>, <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/search/label/HTML%20Extension' rel='tag'>HTML Extension</a>, <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/search/label/What%20is%20an%20HTML%20File' rel='tag'>What is an HTML File</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, January 23, 2009</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4264704831170127726' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1611746601710946996' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1611746601710946996'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learnings-of-week-navarra.html'>Learnings of the week-Navarra</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1611746601710946996' itemprop='description articleBody'> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">ARRAYS<br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><br /><br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Single &#8211; Dimensional Arrays </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Array is a collection of variables of the same data type that is referenced by a common name. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Example:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">#include<stdio.h></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">main()</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">{</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=""> </span>int array[4]={25,5,7,11,163};</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">clrscr();</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">printf(&#8220;%d %d %d %d %d&#8221;, array[0], array[1], array[2],array[3],array[4]);</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">getch();</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">} </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i style="">Parts of the array are:<o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>Array[0] = 25<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">&#183;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="">Array name<span style=""> </span>- Array<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">&#183;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="">Subscript or index<span style=""> </span>- [0]<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">&#183;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="">Array element<span style=""> </span>- 25<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Array declaration</b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="">The general form for any declaration is as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span><b>type array_name[size];<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="">Where:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>type</b><span style=""> is any valid data type in Turbo C which<span style=""> </span>declares the type of values that array will hold. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><b>array_name</b> is a valid variable name which will name the array.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><b>size </b>defines how many elements the array will hold.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="">The two declarations for arrays number and answer can be combined into a single declaration:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>int number[100] , answer [25]; <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Array Initialization</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">l<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Arrays can give initial values during the declaration. This is called array initialization..</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>int Array1[5]={25, 5, 7, 11, 163};</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"></span></div></div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>jjajjajjazz</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learnings-of-week-navarra.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learnings-of-week-navarra.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-01-23T20:49:00-08:00'>8:49&#8239;PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4264704831170127726/1611746601710946996' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-375560760'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4264704831170127726&postID=1611746601710946996&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Tuesday, January 20, 2009</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4264704831170127726' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='3805591982491341772' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='3805591982491341772'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learnings-of-week-mn-sison_20.html'>LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (M.N. SISON)</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3805591982491341772' itemprop='description articleBody'> <p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div style="text-align: center;" shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><b>"ARRAYS"<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></b></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"></p:colorscheme><span style="font-weight: bold;">SINGLE DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS<br /><br /></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"> <div style="text-align: justify;"><nobr><span style="font-size: 78%;"><span style="position: absolute; left: -4.72%; text-align: left; top: 0.3em; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 75%;">l</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Array is a collection of variables of the same data type that is referenced by a common name. </span></nobr></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><nobr><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></nobr></div> </div> <br /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"></p:colorscheme><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"> <div> </div> <p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">#include<stdio.h> </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">main() </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">{ </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span>int array[4]={25,5,7,11,163}; </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">clrscr(); </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">printf(&#8220;%d %d %d %d %d&#8221;, array[0], array[1], array[2],array[3],array[4]); </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">getch(); </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style=""> <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-style: italic;">}<br /><br /></span></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div style="text-align: center;" shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"><b>Array declaration<br /></b></span> <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <div style="text-align: center;" class="O"><span style="font-size: 78%;"><span style="position: absolute; left: -4.32%; top: 0.3em; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 75%;">l</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The general form for any declaration is as follows: </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="width: 17.34%;"> </span><span style=""> </span> </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="width: 28.91%;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>type array_name[size]; </b></span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />Where: </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b><span style="width: 3.18%;"> </span>type</b></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> is any valid data type in Turbo C which<span style=""> </span>declares the type of values that array will hold. </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="width: 3.61%;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>array_name</b></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> is a valid variable name which will name the array. </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="width: 3.61%;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>size </b></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">defines how many elements the array will hold.<br /><br /></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div class="O" style="text-align: justify;"><nobr><span style="font-size: 78%;"><span style="position: absolute; left: -4.66%; text-align: left; top: 0.3em; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 75%;">l</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The two declarations for arrays number and answer can be combined into a single declaration: </span></nobr></div> <div class="O1" style=""><!--[if ppt]--><span style="font-size: 78%; visibility: hidden;"><span style="position: absolute; left: -3.72%; font-size: 75%;">&#8211;</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div> <div class="O4" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>int number[100] , answer [25]; </b></span></div> </div> <br /><br /></div> </div> <p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"> <div style="text-align: center;"><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme></div> <div style="text-align: center;" shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"><b>Array Initialization<br /></b></span> <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> </div> <p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 156%;"><span style="position: absolute; left: -4.1%; text-align: left; top: 0.3em; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 75%;">l</span></span><span style="font-size: 28pt;"></span></div></div> <p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#003366,#666699,#006666,#33cccc,#99cc99,#003366,#cc99ff"> </p:colorscheme> <div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"> <div style="text-align: justify;"><nobr><span style="font-size: 78%;"><span style="position: absolute; left: -4.96%; text-align: left; top: 0.3em; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 75%;">l</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Arrays can give initial values during the declaration. This is called array initialization.. </span></nobr></div> <div style=""><!--[if ppt]--><span style="font-size: 78%; visibility: hidden;"><span style="position: absolute; left: -4.37%; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 75%;">l</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div> <div style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="width: 11.58%;"> </span>int Array1[5]={25, 5, 7, 11, 163}; </span></div> <div style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div> </div> <br /><br /><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div> </div> <div style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div> </div> <div style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>jjajjajjazz</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learnings-of-week-mn-sison_20.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learnings-of-week-mn-sison_20.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-01-20T06:44:00-08:00'>6:44&#8239;AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4264704831170127726/3805591982491341772' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-375560760'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4264704831170127726&postID=3805591982491341772&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4264704831170127726' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='4008309740746606551' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='4008309740746606551'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learnings-of-week-mn-sison.html'>LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (M.N. SISON)</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4008309740746606551' itemprop='description articleBody'> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family: courier new;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">We have discussed about programming:RECURSION<br />this is how we defined Recursion...<br /><br />RECURSION</span><br /></span></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: black;"><span style="">It is the repetitive process by which a functions calls itself<span style=""> </span>is called recursion or circular definition. <o:p></o:p>This is a way of defining something in terms of itself. <o:p></o:p>A function is said to be recursive if a statement in the body of the function calls the function that contains it.</span></li> </ul> PARTS OF RECURSION:<br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span style="color: black;">Base Case<o:p></o:p></span></i><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black;">-<span style=""></span></span> This is the part of the recursive function that is found on the if clause. This contains the condition that should be satisfied at one point of execution to terminate the repetitive process done by the recursive function.<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: center;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->General Case<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></p> <span style="color: black;">-</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">This is the part of the recursive function that is found on the else-clause. This contains the function call of the recursive function to itself.<br /><br />KINDS OF RECURSION:<br /></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Direct Recursion</span>s are</span><span style="color: black;"> recursive functions that can call itself through a function call directly inside the body of the function. <o:p></o:p></span> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: Wingdings; color: black;">v<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Indirect recursions </span>are recursive functions that can call another functions outside its function.<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: black;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family: courier new;"></span></span></div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>jjajjajjazz</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learnings-of-week-mn-sison.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learnings-of-week-mn-sison.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-01-20T06:32:00-08:00'>6:32&#8239;AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4264704831170127726/4008309740746606551' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-375560760'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4264704831170127726&postID=4008309740746606551&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Sunday, January 11, 2009</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4264704831170127726' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6133755200285552663' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6133755200285552663'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learning-of-week-paraiso.html'>RECURSION - Joannacel Paraiso</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6133755200285552663' itemprop='description articleBody'> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #663333; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 180%;">RECURSION</span></span><br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> <ul style="color: #663333;"> <li><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme><div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 178%;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; left: -4.1%; position: absolute; text-align: left;">l</span></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme><br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 178%;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; left: -4.1%; position: absolute; text-align: left;">l</span></span><span style="font-size: 32pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">The repetitive process by which a functions calls itself is called recursion or circular definition.</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme><div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 178%;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; left: -4.1%; position: absolute; text-align: left;">l</span></span><span style="font-size: 32pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">This is a way of defining something in terms of itself.</span></span></div> </div> </li> <li><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme><div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 178%;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; left: -4.1%; position: absolute; text-align: left;">l</span></span><span style="font-size: 32pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">A function is said to be recursive if a statement in the body of the function calls the function that contains it.</span></span></div> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="color: #663333; font-weight: bold;">Parts of recursive function<br /><br />**BASE CASE<br /> -</span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff" style="color: #663333;"></p:colorscheme><span style="color: #663333;"> </span><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; left: -3.48%; position: absolute; text-align: left;"></span></span><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%;">This is the part of the recursive function that is found on the if clause. This contains the condition that should be satisfied at one point of execution to terminate the repetitive process done by the recursive function.</span><span style="color: #663333;"> </span><br /> <div shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div class="O1" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #663333; font-size: 27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">**GENERAL CASE<br /> -</span></span></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff" style="color: #663333;"></p:colorscheme><span style="color: #663333;"> </span><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; left: -3.48%; position: absolute; text-align: left;"></span></span><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%;">This is the part of the recursive function that is found on the else-clause. This contains the function call of the recursive function to itself.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"><example><br /></example></span></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff" style="color: #663333;"> </p:colorscheme><br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div> <span style="color: #663333; font-size: 24pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">factorial (int n)</span></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff" style="color: #663333;"> </p:colorscheme><br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <span style="color: #663333;">{ </span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff" style="color: #663333;"> </p:colorscheme> <span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%;"><br /> if (n == 1 || n == 0) return 1;</span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff" style="color: #663333;"></p:colorscheme><span style="color: #663333;"> </span><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%;"><br /> else return (n * factorial (n-1));<br />}<br /><br />If n value is 4 ,</span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff" style="color: #663333;"></p:colorscheme><span style="color: #663333;"> </span><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%;"> 4 * (factorial (4-1)<br />If n value is 3,</span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff" style="color: #663333;"></p:colorscheme><span style="color: #663333;"> </span><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%;"> 3 * (factorial (3-1)<br />If n value is 2, 2 * (factorial (3-1)<br />If n value is 1, 1<br /><br /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme></span><br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div> <span style="color: #663333; font-size: 20pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">factorial (int n)<br />{ </span></span><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%;"><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme></span> <span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%;"><br /> if (n == 1 || n == 0) return 1;<br /> else return (n* factorial (n-1));<br />}<br /><br />Simplifying the Expression....<br /><br />4 * (factorial (4-1) = 24 general case<br />3 * (factorial(3-1) = 6 general case<br />2 * (factorial(2-1) = 2 general case<br />1 base case<br /></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff" style="color: #663333;"> </p:colorscheme><br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026" style="color: #663333;"> <span style="font-size: 24pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Therefore, the final return value when n=4 is 24.<br /></span></span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme><br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <span style="font-size: large;">Direct and Indirect Recursion</span><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme><br /> <ul> <li>Direct recursions are cursive functions that can call itself through a functioncall directly inside the body of the function.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Indirect recursions are cursive functions that can call another functions outside the function.</li> </ul> <br /> <span style="font-size: 38pt;"> </span></div> </div> <br /> <span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;"></span></span><br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt;"><br /></span></span></div> <br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div> <span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt;"> </span></div> </div> </div> </div> <br /> <p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"> </p:colorscheme><br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 24pt;"><br /></span></span></div> <p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"></p:colorscheme><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 24pt;"></span></span><br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div> <span style="font-size: 24pt;"> </span></div> </div> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div> <span style="font-size: 24pt;"> </span></div> </div> <p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#ccccff,#d9d8ec,#6767ff,#9933ff"></p:colorscheme><span style="font-size: 24pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 24pt;"></span></span><span style="font-size: 32pt;"> </span> <br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div> <span style="color: red; font-size: 24pt;"> </span></div> </div> <br /> <div class="O" shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div> <span style="color: red; font-size: 24pt;"> </span></div> </div> </div> <br /></div> </div> <br /> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span><br /></span> <div shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div class="O1" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 27pt;"> </span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>jjajjajjazz</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learning-of-week-paraiso.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/learning-of-week-paraiso.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-01-11T17:48:00-08:00'>5:48&#8239;PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4264704831170127726/6133755200285552663' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-375560760'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4264704831170127726&postID=6133755200285552663&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/search/label/Direct%20and%20Indirect%20Recursion' rel='tag'>Direct and Indirect Recursion</a>, <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/search/label/RECURSION' rel='tag'>RECURSION</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, January 10, 2009</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4264704831170127726' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='7863011036705242307' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='7863011036705242307'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/recursion-navarra.html'>Recursion - Navarra</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7863011036705242307' itemprop='description articleBody'> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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mso-level-text:&#61558;; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l4 {mso-list-id:1178228307; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-949222038 1455059374 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l4:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:-; mso-level-tab-stop:1.25in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:1.25in; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;} @list l5 {mso-list-id:1585846108; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1504023422 67698689 1455059374 67698699 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l5:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:&#61623;; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l5:level2 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:-; mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;} @list l5:level3 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:&#61656;; mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l6 {mso-list-id:1858736464; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:543730764 -10052516 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l6:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:39.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:39.0pt; text-indent:-.25in; mso-ansi-font-style:normal;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style> <p class="MsoNormal">Our Christmas vacation is over. It is already a new year, thus we are entering a new lesson. It is not totally new because it is still programming but the lesson is harder than our past lessons. Last time, we discuss only the different conditions but now, we are focusing on a program that consist two or more functions aside from the main function. Isn&#8217;t in difficult???</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Well, we have no choice but the study and remember the lessons that are being discussed to us because all of us want to pass this subject. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: bold;">RECURSION</span> is: <br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;color:black;"><span style="">The repetitive process by which a functions calls itself<span style=""> </span>is called recursion or circular definition. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;color:black;"><span style="">This is a way of defining something in terms of itself. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;color:black;"><span style="">A function is said to be recursive if a statement in the body of the function calls the function that contains it. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;">Recursion also has its parts. And that are:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span style="color:black;">Base Case<o:p></o:p></span></i><span style="color:black;"> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:black;">-<span style=";font-family:&quot;;font-size:7;" ></span></span> This is the part of the recursive function that is found on the if clause. This contains the condition that should be satisfied at one point of execution to terminate the repetitive process done by the recursive function. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style=";font-family:&quot;;font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->General Case<span style="color:black;"> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:black;">-</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color:black;">This is the part of the recursive function that is found on the else-clause. This contains the function call of the recursive function to itself. <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <br /><span style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span><span style="color:black;">There is also two kind of recursion. Those are the Direct and Indirect Recursio<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><!--[endif]--><span style="color:black;">Direct Recursions are</span><span style="color:black;"> recursive functions that can call itself through a function call directly inside the body of the function. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <ul><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none;font-family:Wingdings;color:black;" >v<span style=";font-family:&quot;;font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color:black;">Indirect recursions are recursive functions that can call another functions outside its function.</span><span style="display: none;color:black;" ><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;">EXAMPLES:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:red;" >factorial (int n)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:red;" ><span style=""> </span> <div style="">{<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:red;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">if (n == 1 || n == 0) return 1;<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:red;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">else return (n * factorial (n-1));<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:red;" ><span style=""> </span> <div style="">}<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">Simplifying the expression&#8230;&#8230;<span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:14;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">4 * (factorial (4-1)<span style=""> </span>= 24<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>general case<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">3 * (factorial (3-1)<span style=""> </span>= 6<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>general case<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">2 * (factorial (2-1)<span style=""> </span>= 2<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>general case<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:14;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span> <div style=""><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>1<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>base case<o:p></o:p></span></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:14;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style=""><span style=";font-family:Arial;color:black;" >Therefore, the final return value when n=4 is 24. <o:p></o:p></span></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style=""><span style=""> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="display: none;color:black;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" >Give the output of the ff. program when the value entered for a=5.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span> <div style="">#include<stdio.h><o:p></o:p></stdio.h></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span> <div style="">main()<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span> <div style="">{ <o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">int a, b;<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">clrscr();<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span> <div style=""><span style=""> </span>printf(&#8220;Enter a value:&#8221;);<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">scanf(&#8220;%d&#8221;, &amp;a);<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">b= solve (a);<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">printf(&#8220;The new value is %d&#8221;, b);<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span> <div style="">getch();<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;color:black;" ><span style=""> </span> <div style="">}<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style=""><span style=""> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="color:black;">solve (int a)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color:black;"></span></p></span></div> <div style="">{ <br /><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>if (a = = 1) return 2;<o:p></o:p><p></p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"> <div style=""><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>else return (solve (a-1) + 2);<o:p></o:p></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color:black;"> <div style="">}<b><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9;color:black;" ><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="display: none;color:black;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style=""> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="display: none;color:black;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:black;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h1>The output is 10.</h1> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>jjajjajjazz</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/recursion-navarra.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2009/01/recursion-navarra.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2009-01-10T19:03:00-08:00'>7:03&#8239;PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4264704831170127726/7863011036705242307' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-375560760'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4264704831170127726&postID=7863011036705242307&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, September 25, 2008</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4264704831170127726' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='3073007787826960419' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='3073007787826960419'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2008/09/programming-mn-sison.html'>PROGRAMMING (*M.N. Sison*)</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3073007787826960419' itemprop='description articleBody'> <div align="center"><span style="font-family:georgia;"></span> </div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><blockquote><span style="font-family:georgia;"></span></blockquote>PROGRAMMING <blockquote></blockquote></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:georgia;"></span> </div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:georgia;"></span> </div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:georgia;">n \n &#8211; is a line char used to move the cursor to the next linen </span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:georgia;">&#8216; &#8216; &#8211; single quote is used for single character / letter.n </span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:georgia;">&#8220; &#8220; &#8211; double quote is used for two or more charactern </span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:georgia;">{ - open curly brace signifies beginn } &#8211; close curly brace signifies endn &amp; - address of operatorn * - indirection operator / pointer</span></div><span style="font-family:georgia;"></span><br /><br /><div align="left"><span style="font-family:courier new;">Structure of a simple C program</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:courier new;">#include</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:courier new;">#define directive</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:courier new;">main()</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:courier new;">{variable declaration section;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:courier new;">____________________________________________}</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;">Commonly used include files in C language</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;">.n alloc.h &#8211; declares memory management functions</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;">.n conio.h &#8211; declares various functions used in calling IBM-PC ROM BIOS</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;">.n ctype.h &#8211; contains information used by the calssification and character convertion macros.n math.h &#8211; declares prototype for the math functions</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;">.n stdio.h &#8211; defines types and macros needed for standard I/O</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;">.n string.h &#8211; declares several string manipulation and memory manipulation routines.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;"></span> </div><div align="center"> </div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:courier new;">Types of Conditional Statement</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span> </div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:courier new;">The If Statement</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:courier new;">The If-Else Statement</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:courier new;">The Nested-If Statement</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:courier new;">The If-Else-If Ladder</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:courier new;">The Switch Statement</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:courier new;">The Nested Switch Statement</span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span> </div><div align="left"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The general form of the If statement is:</span></em></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">if ( expression)</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span> </div><div align="left"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The general form of the If statement with block statement is:</span></em></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">if ( expression)</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">{</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_sequence;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">}</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span> </div><div align="left"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The general form of the if-else statement is:</span></em></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">If (expression)</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_1;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">else</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_2;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span> </div><div align="left"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The general form of the if-else statement with block of statement is:</span></em></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">If (expression)</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">{ </span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_sequence;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">}</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">else</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">{</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_sequence;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">}</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span> </div><div align="left"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The general form of the if-else-if ladder statement is:</span></em></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">if ( expression_1)</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_1;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">else if (expression_2)</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_2;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">else if (expression_3;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_3;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">else</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_else;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span> </div><div align="left"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The general form of the switch statement is:</span></em></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">switch (variable)</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">{</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">case constant1:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement sequence_1;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">break;case constant2:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_sequence_2;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">break;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">default:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_sequence_default;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">}</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span> </div><div align="left"><em><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The general form of the nested switch statement is:</span></em></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">switch (variable)</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">{</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">case constant:{</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">switch (variable)</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">{</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">case constant1:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement sequence_1;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">break;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">case constant2:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement_sequence_2;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">break;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">}</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">break;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">}</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">case constant2:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement sequence;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">break;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">default:</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">statement sequence;</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">} </span></div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>jjajjajjazz</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2008/09/programming-mn-sison.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2008/09/programming-mn-sison.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-25T23:52:00-07:00'>11:52&#8239;PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4264704831170127726/3073007787826960419' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-375560760'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4264704831170127726&postID=3073007787826960419&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Tuesday, September 23, 2008</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4264704831170127726' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='7163732182968094736' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='7163732182968094736'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2008/09/programming-paraiso.html'>PROGRAMMING-(paraiso)</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7163732182968094736' itemprop='description articleBody'> <span style="color:#006600;">This week we learned about:</span><br /><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;">The Structure of a Simple C Program</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;">The Input or Output Statements</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;">The Conditional Statements</span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"></span> </p><p align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;color:#006600;">THE STRUCTURE OF A SIMPLE C PROGRAM</span></p><p align="center"><span style="color:#006600;"><br /> #include<include><br /> #define directive<br /> main()<br /> {<br /> variable declaration section;<br /> ______________________<br /> ______________________<br /> } </span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <strong>#include directive</strong> &#8211; contains information needed by the program to ensure the correct operation of C&#8217;s Standard library functions.</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <strong>n#define directive</strong> &#8211; used to shorten the keywords in the program. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <strong>Variable declaration section</strong> &#8211; it is the place where you declare your variables. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <strong>Body of the program</strong> &#8211; start by typing main() and the { and }. All statements should be written inside the braces. </span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br />**C is a case sensitive program, therefore use lowercase letters only. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><strong><em><span style="font-size:130%;">Commonly used include files in C language</span></em></strong></span></p><em></em><ol><li><span style="color:#006600;"><strong> </strong><em>alloc.h</em> &#8211; declares memory management functions. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <em>conio.h</em> &#8211; declares various functions used in calling IBM-PC ROM BIOS.</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <em>ctype.h</em> &#8211; contains information used by the calssification and character convertion macros. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <em>nmath.h</em> &#8211; declares prototype for the math functions. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <em>nstdio.h</em> &#8211; defines types and macros needed for standard I/O. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <em>string.h</em> &#8211; declares several string manipulation and memory manipulation routines. <br /></span></li></ol><p><strong><em><span style="color:#006600;">Important Symbols:</span></em></strong></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">a.) \n &#8211; is a line char used to move the cursor to the next line</span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">b.) &#8216; &#8216; &#8211; single quote is used for single character / letter. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">c.) &#8220; &#8220; &#8211; double quote is used for two or more character</span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">d.) { - open curly brace signifies begin</span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">e.) } &#8211; close curly brace signifies end</span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">f.) &amp; - address of operator</span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">g.) * - indirection operator / pointer<br /><br /></span></p><p align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;color:#006600;">INPUT AND OUTPUT STATEMENTS</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#006600;"></span></strong> </p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><strong>Input Statement</strong>- A statement used to input a single character or a sequence of characters from the keyboard. </span></p><p><em><span style="color:#006600;">Types:</span></em></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;">getch- A function used to input a single character from the keyboard without echoing the character on the monitor. </span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"> * Syntax: getch();<br /> Example: ch = getch(); </span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;">Getche- A function used to input a single character from the keyboard, the character pressed echoed on the monitor, line the READLN in PASCAL</span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"> * Syntax: getche();<br /> Example: ch = getche();</span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"> getchar - A function used to input a single character from the keyboard, the character pressed echoed on the monitor terminated by pressing Enter key.</span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"> * Syntax: getchar();<br /> Example: ch = getchar();</span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf - A function used to input a single character or sequence of characters from the keyboard, it needs the control string codes in able to recognized. Spaces are not accepted upon inputting. Terminated by pressing spacebar. </span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"> *Syntax: gets();<br /> Example: gets(ch); </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"> <strong> </strong></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><strong>Output Statement</strong>-<strong> </strong>A statement used to display the argument list or string on the monitor. </span></p><p><em><span style="color:#006600;">Types:</span></em></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"><em> <strong>printf </strong> -</em> A function used to display the argument list on the monitor. <br />It sometimes needs the control string codes to help display the remaining argument on the screen.<br /><br />*Syntax: printf(&#8220;control string codes&#8221;, argument list)<br /> Example: printf(&#8220;Hello, %d, you are % years old.&#8221;, name, age);</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"><strong><em> putchar </em></strong>- A function used to display the argument list or string on the monitor. It is like overwriting a character. </span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"> * Syntax: putchar();<br /> Example:putchar(tolower(ch)); </span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"> <em><strong>puts</strong></em> - A function used to display the argument list or string on the monitor. It does not need the help of the control string codes. </span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"> * Syntax: puts();<br /> Example: puts(&#8220;hello&#8221;); </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><strong>Format String and Escape Sequence</strong></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><strong>** </strong>All format specifiers start with a percent sign (%) and are followed by a single letter indicating the type of data and how data are to be formatted. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><strong>List of Commonly Used format specifiers</strong></span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %c &#8211; used for single char in C</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%c&#8221;, &amp;ch); printf(&#8220;%c&#8221;, ch); </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %d &#8211; decimal number (whole number) </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%d&#8221;,&amp;num); printf(&#8220;%d&#8221;,num); </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %e &#8211; scientific notation / exponential form</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%e&#8221;, &amp;result); printf(&#8220;%e&#8221;, result);</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %f &#8211; number with floating or decimal point</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%f&#8221;,&amp;pesos); printf(&#8220;%f&#8221;,pesos); </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %o &#8211; octal number</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%o&#8221;, &amp;valuet); printf(&#8220;%o&#8221;, value); </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %s&#8211; string of characters </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%s&#8221;,&amp;str); printf(&#8220;%s&#8221;,str); </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %u &#8211; unsigned number</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%u&#8221;, &amp;value); printf(&#8220;%u&#8221;, value);</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %x&#8211; hexadecimal numbers</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%x&#8221;,&amp;value); printf(&#8220;%x&#8221;,value); </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %X &#8211; capital number for hexadecimal number</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%X&#8221;, &amp;nos); printf(&#8220;%X&#8221;, nos); </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> %%&#8211; print a percent sign </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> scanf(&#8220;%%&#8221;,&amp;value); printf(&#8220;%%&#8221;,value); </span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><strong>List of Commonly used escape sequence</strong></span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"> \\ - prints backslash </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> \&#8217; &#8211; prints single quotes</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> \&#8221; &#8211; prints double quotes</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> \? &#8211; prints question mark </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> \n - newline</span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><strong>GOTOXY</strong>- </span><span style="font-size:100%;">A function gotoxy is used to send the cursor to the specified location. </span></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /> *Syntax: gotoxy(x,y);<br /> Example: gotoxy(5,10);</span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">NOTE:</span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** A format specifier %.2f can be used to limit the output being displayed into two decimal places only.<br /></span></p><p align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;color:#006600;"><strong>CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006600;">> Are statements that check an expression then may or may not execute a statement or group of statement depending on the result of the condition. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006600;"><em>Types:</em></span></span></p><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"> The If Statement </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> The If-Else Statement </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> The Nested-If Statement </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> The If-Else-If Ladder </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> The Switch Statement</span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> The Nested Switch Statement </span></li></ul><p><strong><span style="font-size:130%;color:#006600;">The If Statement</span></strong></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><strong><br /></strong>**The general form of the If statement with block statement is: </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><strong><br />if ( expression)<br />{<br /> statement_sequence;<br />}</strong><br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br />**In an if statement, if the expression evaluates to TRUE (1), the statement or the block of statements that forms the target of the if statement will be executed. Otherwise, the program will ignore the statement or the block of statements.<br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">The If-Else statement</span></strong><br /></span></span><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">**The general form of the if-else statement is:</span> </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /></span><span style="color:#006600;"><span style="font-size:100%;">If (expression)<br /> statement_1;<br />else<br /> statement_2;</span> </span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> Where:<br />&#8211;If and else are reserved words<br />&#8211;Expression is relational or Boolean expression that evaluates to a TRUE (1) or False (0) value.<br />&#8211;Statement_1 and statement_2 may either be a single C statement or a block of c statements.</span> </span></li></ul><p><br /><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006600;">** The general form of the if-else statement with block of statement is: </span></p><p><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006600;"><br />If (expression)<br />{ statement_sequence;<br />}<br />else<br />{<br /> statement_sequence;<br />} </span></p><p><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006600;"></span> </p><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006600;"> If an if-else statement, if the expression is TRUE (1), the statement or block of statement after the if statement will be executed; otherwise, the statement or block of statement in the else statement will be executed. </span></li></ul><span style="font-size:100%;"><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br />Note: Only the code associated with the if or the code that is associated with the else executes, never both. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"></span> </p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Nested-If statement</span></strong><br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** One of the most confusing aspects of the if statement in any programming language is nested ifs. A nested if is an if statement that is the object of either an if or else. This is sometimes referred to as &#8220;an if within an if.&#8221; The reason that nested ifs are so confusing is that it can be difficult to know what else associates with what if. <br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** Fortunately, C provides a very simple rule for resolving this type of situation</span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** In C, the else is linked to the closest preceding if that does not already have an else statement associated with it. </span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"> Consider the following situations:<br />&#8211;Situations 1. </span><span style="color:#006600;"><em>The else at number 3 is paired with the if in number 2 since it is the nearest if statement with the else statement.<br />1. if&#8230;..<br />2. if &#8230;&#8230;<br /> &#8230;<br />3. else </em> </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;">Consider the following situations:<br />&#8211;Situations 2</span><em><span style="color:#006600;">. The else in number 5 is paired with the if in number 1.<br />1. if &#8230;.<br />2. {<br />3. if &#8230;.<br />4. }<br />5. else </span></em></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;">** Note that there is a pair of braces found in number 2 and number 4. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** The pair of braces defined the scope of the if statement in number 1 starting from the { in number 2 and ends with } in number 4. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** Therefore, the else statement in number 5 cannot paired with the if statement in number 3 because the else statement is outside the scope of the first if statement. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** This makes the if statement in number 1 the nearest if statement to the else statement in number 5. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">The if-else-if Ladder</span></strong></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><strong>**</strong> A common programming construct in C is the if-else- if ladder. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br />**The general form of the if-else-if ladder statement is: </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /></span><em><span style="color:#006600;">if ( expression_1)<br /> statement_1;<br />else if (expression_2)<br /> statement_2;<br />else if (expression_3;<br /> statement_3;<br /> :<br /> :<br />else<br /> statement_else; </span></em></p><ul><li><span style="color:#006600;"> Where:<br />&#8211;If and else are reserve words in C<br />&#8211;Expression_1, expression_2 up to expression_n in relational or boolean expression that evaluates to a TRUE (1) or False (0) value.<br />&#8211;Statement_1, statement_2 up to statement_else may either be a single C statement or a block of C statement. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> In an if-else-if ladder statement, the expression are evaluated from the top downward. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> As soon as a true condition is found, the statement associated with it is executed and the rest of the ladder will not be executed. If none of the condition is true, the final else is executed. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> The final else acts as a defaults condition. If all other conditions are false, the last else statement is performed. </span></li><li><span style="color:#006600;"> If the final else is not present, then no action takes place. </span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br />Note: The final else is optional, you may include this part if needed in the program or you may not include if not needed. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">The switch statement</span></strong></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><strong>**</strong> The switch statement is a multiple-branch decision statement. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** The general form of the switch statement is: </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br />switch (variable)<br />{<br /> case constant1:<br /> statement sequence_1;<br /> break;<br /> case constant2:<br /> statement_sequence_2;<br /> break;<br /> :<br /> :<br /> default:<br /> statement_sequence_default;<br />}<br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** In a switch statement, a variable is successively tested against a list or integer or character constants. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** If a match is found, a statement or block of statement is executed. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** The default part of the switch is executed if no matches are found. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;">** According to Herbert Schildt (1992), there are three important things to know about switch statements:<br /> &#8211;1. The switch differs from if statements in such a way that switch can only test fro equality whereas if can evaluate a relational or logical expression.<br /> </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"> &#8211;2. No two case constants in the same switch can have identical values. Of course, a switch statement enclosed by an outer switch may have case constant that are the same. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /> &#8211;3. If character constants are used in the switch, they are automatically converted to their integer values.<br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br />Note: The break statement is used to terminate the statement associated with each case constant. It is a C keyword which means that at that point of execution, you should jump to the end of the switch statement by the symbol }. </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"></span> </p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">The Nested Switch Statement</span></strong> </span></p><p><br /><span style="color:#006600;">** The general form of the nested switch statement is: </span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br />switch (variable)<br />{<br /> case constant:{<br /> switch (variable)<br /> {<br /> case constant1:<br /> statement sequence_1;<br /> break;<br /> case constant2:<br /> statement_sequence_2;<br /> break;<br /> }<br /> break;<br /> }<br /> case constant2:<br /> statement sequence;<br /> break;<br /> default:<br /> statement sequence;<br />}<br /><br /><br /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span> </p><p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color:#006600;"></span></span><br /><br /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color:#006600;"> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></p><p><br /><span style="color:#006600;"><br /></span></p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/10094272507180424860' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>jjajjajjazz</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2008/09/programming-paraiso.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/2008/09/programming-paraiso.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2008-09-23T06:24:00-07:00'>6:24&#8239;AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4264704831170127726/7163732182968094736' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-375560760'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4264704831170127726&postID=7163732182968094736&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class='blog-pager' id='blog-pager'> <span id='blog-pager-newer-link'> <a class='blog-pager-newer-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/' id='Blog1_blog-pager-newer-link' title='Newer Posts'>Newer Posts</a> </span> <span id='blog-pager-older-link'> <a class='blog-pager-older-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2008-09-23T06:24:00-07:00&amp;max-results=20&amp;start=20&amp;by-date=false' id='Blog1_blog-pager-older-link' title='Older Posts'>Older Posts</a> </span> <a class='home-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/'>Home</a> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div class='blog-feeds'> <div class='feed-links'> Subscribe to: <a class='feed-link' href='https://romznonzjaz.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default' target='_blank' type='application/atom+xml'>Posts (Atom)</a> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class='column-left-outer'> <div class='column-left-inner'> <aside> </aside> </div> </div> <div class='column-right-outer'> <div class='column-right-inner'> <aside> <div class='sidebar section' id='sidebar-right-1'><div class='widget HTML' data-version='1' id='HTML1'> <h2 class='title'>Learners:</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <!-- begin hit counter code --><a href="http://hit-counter.org"><img style="border: 0px solid ; 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