PROGRAMMING (*M.N. Sison*)

PROGRAMMING

n \n – is a line char used to move the cursor to the next linen

‘ ‘ – single quote is used for single character / letter.n

“ “ – double quote is used for two or more charactern

{ - open curly brace signifies beginn } – close curly brace signifies endn & - address of operatorn * - indirection operator / pointer

Structure of a simple C program

#include

#define directive

main()

{variable declaration section;

____________________________________________}

Commonly used include files in C language

.n alloc.h – declares memory management functions

.n conio.h – declares various functions used in calling IBM-PC ROM BIOS

.n ctype.h – contains information used by the calssification and character convertion macros.n math.h – declares prototype for the math functions

.n stdio.h – defines types and macros needed for standard I/O

.n string.h – declares several string manipulation and memory manipulation routines.

Types of Conditional Statement

The If Statement

The If-Else Statement

The Nested-If Statement

The If-Else-If Ladder

The Switch Statement

The Nested Switch Statement

The general form of the If statement is:

if ( expression)

statement;

The general form of the If statement with block statement is:

if ( expression)

{

statement_sequence;

}

The general form of the if-else statement is:

If (expression)

statement_1;

else

statement_2;

The general form of the if-else statement with block of statement is:

If (expression)

{

statement_sequence;

}

else

{

statement_sequence;

}

The general form of the if-else-if ladder statement is:

if ( expression_1)

statement_1;

else if (expression_2)

statement_2;

else if (expression_3;

statement_3;

:

:

else

statement_else;

The general form of the switch statement is:

switch (variable)

{

case constant1:

statement sequence_1;

break;case constant2:

statement_sequence_2;

break;

:

:

default:

statement_sequence_default;

}

The general form of the nested switch statement is:

switch (variable)

{

case constant:{

switch (variable)

{

case constant1:

statement sequence_1;

break;

case constant2:

statement_sequence_2;

break;

}

break;

}

case constant2:

statement sequence;

break;

default:

statement sequence;

}

PROGRAMMING-(paraiso)

This week we learned about:

• The Structure of a Simple C Program
• The Input or Output Statements
• The Conditional Statements

THE STRUCTURE OF A SIMPLE C PROGRAM

#include
#define directive
main()
{
variable declaration section;
______________________
______________________
}

• #include directive – contains information needed by the program to ensure the correct operation of C’s Standard library functions.
• n#define directive – used to shorten the keywords in the program.
• Variable declaration section – it is the place where you declare your variables.
• Body of the program – start by typing main() and the { and }. All statements should be written inside the braces.

**C is a case sensitive program, therefore use lowercase letters only.

Commonly used include files in C language

1. alloc.h – declares memory management functions.
2. conio.h – declares various functions used in calling IBM-PC ROM BIOS.
3. ctype.h – contains information used by the calssification and character convertion macros.
4. nmath.h – declares prototype for the math functions.
5. nstdio.h – defines types and macros needed for standard I/O.
6. string.h – declares several string manipulation and memory manipulation routines.
   

Important Symbols:

a.) \n – is a line char used to move the cursor to the next line

b.) ‘ ‘ – single quote is used for single character / letter.

c.) “ “ – double quote is used for two or more character

d.) { - open curly brace signifies begin

e.) } – close curly brace signifies end

f.) & - address of operator

g.) * - indirection operator / pointer

INPUT AND OUTPUT STATEMENTS

Input Statement- A statement used to input a single character or a sequence of characters from the keyboard.

Types:

• getch- A function used to input a single character from the keyboard without echoing the character on the monitor.

* Syntax: getch();
Example: ch = getch();

• Getche- A function used to input a single character from the keyboard, the character pressed echoed on the monitor, line the READLN in PASCAL

* Syntax: getche();
Example: ch = getche();

• getchar - A function used to input a single character from the keyboard, the character pressed echoed on the monitor terminated by pressing Enter key.

* Syntax: getchar();
Example: ch = getchar();

• scanf - A function used to input a single character or sequence of characters from the keyboard, it needs the control string codes in able to recognized. Spaces are not accepted upon inputting. Terminated by pressing spacebar.

*Syntax: gets();
Example: gets(ch);

Output Statement- A statement used to display the argument list or string on the monitor.

Types:

• printf - A function used to display the argument list on the monitor.
  It sometimes needs the control string codes to help display the remaining argument on the screen.
  
  *Syntax: printf(“control string codes”, argument list)
  Example: printf(“Hello, %d, you are % years old.”, name, age);
• putchar - A function used to display the argument list or string on the monitor. It is like overwriting a character.

* Syntax: putchar();
Example:putchar(tolower(ch));

• puts - A function used to display the argument list or string on the monitor. It does not need the help of the control string codes.

* Syntax: puts();
Example: puts(“hello”);

Format String and Escape Sequence

** All format specifiers start with a percent sign (%) and are followed by a single letter indicating the type of data and how data are to be formatted.

List of Commonly Used format specifiers

• %c – used for single char in C
• scanf(“%c”, &ch); printf(“%c”, ch);
• %d – decimal number (whole number)
• scanf(“%d”,&num); printf(“%d”,num);
• %e – scientific notation / exponential form
• scanf(“%e”, &result); printf(“%e”, result);
• %f – number with floating or decimal point
• scanf(“%f”,&pesos); printf(“%f”,pesos);
• %o – octal number
• scanf(“%o”, &valuet); printf(“%o”, value);
• %s– string of characters
• scanf(“%s”,&str); printf(“%s”,str);
• %u – unsigned number
• scanf(“%u”, &value); printf(“%u”, value);
• %x– hexadecimal numbers
• scanf(“%x”,&value); printf(“%x”,value);
• %X – capital number for hexadecimal number
• scanf(“%X”, &nos); printf(“%X”, nos);
• %%– print a percent sign
• scanf(“%%”,&value); printf(“%%”,value);

List of Commonly used escape sequence

• \\ - prints backslash
• \’ – prints single quotes
• \” – prints double quotes
• \? – prints question mark
• \n - newline

GOTOXY- A function gotoxy is used to send the cursor to the specified location.

*Syntax: gotoxy(x,y);
Example: gotoxy(5,10);

NOTE:

** A format specifier %.2f can be used to limit the output being displayed into two decimal places only.

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

> Are statements that check an expression then may or may not execute a statement or group of statement depending on the result of the condition.

Types:

• The If Statement
• The If-Else Statement
• The Nested-If Statement
• The If-Else-If Ladder
• The Switch Statement
• The Nested Switch Statement

The If Statement

**The general form of the If statement with block statement is:

if ( expression)
{
statement_sequence;
}

**In an if statement, if the expression evaluates to TRUE (1), the statement or the block of statements that forms the target of the if statement will be executed. Otherwise, the program will ignore the statement or the block of statements.

The If-Else statement

**The general form of the if-else statement is:

If (expression)
statement_1;
else
statement_2;

• Where:
  –If and else are reserved words
  –Expression is relational or Boolean expression that evaluates to a TRUE (1) or False (0) value.
  –Statement_1 and statement_2 may either be a single C statement or a block of c statements.

** The general form of the if-else statement with block of statement is:

If (expression)
{ statement_sequence;
}
else
{
statement_sequence;
}

• If an if-else statement, if the expression is TRUE (1), the statement or block of statement after the if statement will be executed; otherwise, the statement or block of statement in the else statement will be executed.

Note: Only the code associated with the if or the code that is associated with the else executes, never both.

Nested-If statement

** One of the most confusing aspects of the if statement in any programming language is nested ifs. A nested if is an if statement that is the object of either an if or else. This is sometimes referred to as “an if within an if.” The reason that nested ifs are so confusing is that it can be difficult to know what else associates with what if.

** Fortunately, C provides a very simple rule for resolving this type of situation

** In C, the else is linked to the closest preceding if that does not already have an else statement associated with it.

• Consider the following situations:
  –Situations 1. The else at number 3 is paired with the if in number 2 since it is the nearest if statement with the else statement.
  1. if…..
  2. if ……
  …
  3. else
• Consider the following situations:
  –Situations 2. The else in number 5 is paired with the if in number 1.
  1. if ….
  2. {
  3. if ….
  4. }
  5. else

** Note that there is a pair of braces found in number 2 and number 4.

** The pair of braces defined the scope of the if statement in number 1 starting from the { in number 2 and ends with } in number 4.

** Therefore, the else statement in number 5 cannot paired with the if statement in number 3 because the else statement is outside the scope of the first if statement.

** This makes the if statement in number 1 the nearest if statement to the else statement in number 5.

The if-else-if Ladder

** A common programming construct in C is the if-else- if ladder.

**The general form of the if-else-if ladder statement is:

if ( expression_1)
statement_1;
else if (expression_2)
statement_2;
else if (expression_3;
statement_3;
:
:
else
statement_else;

• Where:
  –If and else are reserve words in C
  –Expression_1, expression_2 up to expression_n in relational or boolean expression that evaluates to a TRUE (1) or False (0) value.
  –Statement_1, statement_2 up to statement_else may either be a single C statement or a block of C statement.
• In an if-else-if ladder statement, the expression are evaluated from the top downward.
• As soon as a true condition is found, the statement associated with it is executed and the rest of the ladder will not be executed. If none of the condition is true, the final else is executed.
• The final else acts as a defaults condition. If all other conditions are false, the last else statement is performed.
• If the final else is not present, then no action takes place.

Note: The final else is optional, you may include this part if needed in the program or you may not include if not needed.

The switch statement

** The switch statement is a multiple-branch decision statement.

** The general form of the switch statement is:

switch (variable)
{
case constant1:
statement sequence_1;
break;
case constant2:
statement_sequence_2;
break;
:
:
default:
statement_sequence_default;
}

** In a switch statement, a variable is successively tested against a list or integer or character constants.

** If a match is found, a statement or block of statement is executed.

** The default part of the switch is executed if no matches are found.

** According to Herbert Schildt (1992), there are three important things to know about switch statements:
–1. The switch differs from if statements in such a way that switch can only test fro equality whereas if can evaluate a relational or logical expression.

–2. No two case constants in the same switch can have identical values. Of course, a switch statement enclosed by an outer switch may have case constant that are the same.

–3. If character constants are used in the switch, they are automatically converted to their integer values.

Note: The break statement is used to terminate the statement associated with each case constant. It is a C keyword which means that at that point of execution, you should jump to the end of the switch statement by the symbol }.

The Nested Switch Statement

** The general form of the nested switch statement is:

switch (variable)
{
case constant:{
switch (variable)
{
case constant1:
statement sequence_1;
break;
case constant2:
statement_sequence_2;
break;
}
break;
}
case constant2:
statement sequence;
break;
default:
statement sequence;
}

programming - NAVARRA

In this week, we learn a lot f things. we learned that the term used to display your statement is “printf” and the term used to scan the data you will enter is the “scanf”. And there is also a term to end the program which is the the “getch”.

We also discuss about the different types of conditional statement such as:
l The If statement
l The If-Else Statement
l The Nested-If Statement
l The If-Else-If Ladder
l The Switch Statement
l The Nested Switch Statement

The If statement:
· The general form of the If statement is:
if ( expression)
statement;
· Expression is relational or Boolean expression that evaluates to a TRUE (1) or False (0) value.
· The general form of the If statement with block statement is:
if ( expression)
{
statement_sequence;
}
The If-Else statement:
· The general form of the if-else statement is:

If (expression)
statement_1;
else
statement_2;

· Where:
– If and else are reserved words
– Expression is relational or Boolean expression that evaluates to a TRUE (1) or False (0) value.
– Statement_1 and statement_2 may either be a single C statement or a block of c statements
l If an if-else statement, if the expression is TRUE (1), the statement or block of statement after the if statement will be executed; otherwise, the statement or block of statement in the else statement will be executed.

Nested-If statement
l One of the most confusing aspects of the if statement in any programming language is nested ifs. A nested if is an if statement that is the object of either an if or else.
l This is sometimes referred to as “an if within an if.”
l The reason that nested ifs are so confusing is that it can be difficult to know what else associates with what if.

The if-else-if Ladder
l A common programming construct in C is the if-else- if ladder.
l The general form of the if-else-if ladder statement is:
if ( expression_1)
statement_1;
else if (expression_2)
statement_2;
else if (expression_3;
statement_3;
:
:
else
statement_else;

The switch statement
l The switch statement is a multiple-branch decision statement.
l The general form of the switch statement is:
switch (variable)
{
case constant1:
statement sequence_1;
break;
case constant2:
statement_sequence_2;
break;
:
:
default:
statement_sequence_default;
}
l In a switch statement, a variable is successively tested against a list or integer or character constants.
The Nested Switch Statement
l The general form of the nested switch statement is:
switch (variable)
{
case constant:{
switch (variable)
{
case constant1:
statement sequence_1;
break;
case constant2:
statement_sequence_2;
break;
}
break;
}
case constant2:
statement sequence;
break;
default:
statement sequence;
}

"THE C ENVIRONMENT" by M. Nona SIson

FOUR PARTS OF C ENVIRONMENT:

• Main Menu
• Editor's status line and edit window
• Compiler message window
• Hot Keys

Main Menu

instruct C to do something as indicated in the list of menu.

It can be used by pressing Alt key and the first letter of the main menu.

The Basic Menu of C

File – used to save files

Run – used to compile links and runs the program currently loading in the environment.

Compile – used to compile the program currently in the environment.

Submenu under the file menu are:

Load – enables the user to select a file to be opened.

Pick – enables the user to select a file based on the last nine files previously opened or edited.

New – allows the user to start a new program.

Save – store the file that currently in the editor.

Write to – enables the user to save the file in different filename.

Directory – displays the content of the current working directory.

Change Dir – enables the user to specify the defined path to change the default path

OS Shell – load the DOS command processor

Quit – lets the user to exit.

FIVE ELEMENTARY DATA TYPE IN C:

• Char (character)
• Int (integer)
• Floating point
• Double floating
• Void

Editor status line and edit window- it is the part where you type your program- where you can see the current line and the column of the text you typed.

Message Window- is located beneath the middle of the edit window and hotkeys.- Used to display various compiler or linker.

Hot Keys- located at the bottom of C operating system.- Refers for shortcut or shorthand for selecting a menu.

"FLOWCHARTING AND ALGORITHMS" by: M. Nona Sison

FLOWCHARTING - is a two –dimensional representation of an algorithm.

A diagram representing the logical sequence in which a combination of steps is to be performed.
A common method of defining the logical steps of flow within a program by using a series of symbols to identify the basic input, process and output function within a program.

• Algorithm-is a finite set of instruction that specify a sequence of operations to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem or class of problems.Basic symbols used in flowcharting:
  
• Terminal- it is used to signify the beginning and the end.
  Preparation/ initialization- signifies the preparation of data. used to select initial conditions. Used to represent instructions or groups of instructions that will alter or modify a program's course of execution.
  
• Input/Output- shows input and output. data are to be read inro the omputer's memory from an input device or data are to be passed fom the memory to an output device.
  
• Processing- performs any calculations that are to be done.
  
• Decision- signifies any decisions to be done.
  
• On – page Connector- Shows the entry or exit point of the flowchart. A non – processing symbol used to connect one part of the flowchart to another without drawing flow lines.
  
• Off – page Connector- Designated entry to or exit from one page when a flowchart requires more than one page.
  
• Flow lines- Signifies the process that is to be executed next.
  

There are three BASIC CONTROL structures:

1. Sequence
2. Selection
3. Repetition

Sequence- a process executed from one to another in a straightforward manner.

Selection (if- then- else)- a choice is provided between alternatives.

Repetition (Looping) - provides for the rpetitive exection of an operation or routine while the conditio is true.

Commonly Used Operators in Flowcharting

Arithmetic operators
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division

Relational Operators

Equal ,lesser than,greater than, not equal, greater than or equal to, lesser than or equal to

Logical Operators

&&- and

ll or

! not

THE "C LANGUAGE" by M.NONA SISON

"THE C LANGUAGE"

C is often called a middle-level language. C as a middle-level language means that it combines elements of high-level language with the functionalism of assembly language. It allows manipulation of bits, bytes, and addresses the basic elements with which the computer functions.

Input commands, output commands, and special words often referred to as reserved words allow the use of lower case only.

They should be written in lower case since C is sensitive to those words. They have only 32 keywords (27 from Kernighan and Ritchie standard and 5 added by the ANSI Standardization Committee.

C was initially used for system development work, in particular the programs that make up the operating system.

C is used mainly because it produces codes that run as fast as codes written in assembly language.

B was developed in the year 1970 by Ken Thompson. The said language is a successor of Basic Command Programming Language (BCPL), which was developed by Martin Richards.

X3J11 committee was created in the year 1983 under the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) to provide machine definition of the language and was than approved in 1989.

Features of C Languages

• A simple core language, such as math functions or file handling provided by a standard set of library routines.
  
• C encourages the creation of libraries user-defined functions.
  C is flexible when it allows unrestricted conversion of data from one type to another, such as conversion of a character to its numeric equivalent.

USES OF C

• Operating system
  
• Language compilers
  
• Assemblers
  
• Text editors
  
• Print spoolers
  
• Network devices
  
• Modern programs
  
• Databases
  
• Language Interpreters Utilities

THE C ENVIRONMENT - NAVARRA

In this week, we discuss a very long topic that we didn’t finish it. But still we learned about many things especially in the programming portion. I learned that there 4 parts of C environment. They are the main menu, editor status line and edit window, compiler message window, and hot keys.

Main menu

- it instruct C to do something as indicated in the list of menu.
- It can de used by pressing Alt key and the first letter of the main menu.
· The basic menu are:
ü File – used to save files
ü Run – used to compile links and runs the program currently loading in the environment.
ü Compile – used to compile the program currently in the environment.
· The submenu under the file menu are:
ü Load – enables the user to select a file to be opened.
ü Pick – enables the user to select a file based on the last nine files previously opened or edited.
ü New – allows the user to start a new program.
ü Save – store the file that currently in the editor.
ü Write to – enables the user to save the file in different filename.
ü Directory – displays the content of the current working directory.
ü Change Dir – enables the user to specify the defined path to change the default path
ü OS Shell – load the DOS command processor
ü Quit – lets the user to exit.

Editor status line and edit window
- it is the part where you type your program
- where you can see the current line and the column of the text you typed.

Message Window
- is located beneath the middle of the edit window and hotkeys.
- Used to display various compiler or linker.

Hot Keys
- located at the bottom of C operating system.
- Refers for shortcut or shorthand for selecting a menu.

I also learned that there are five elementary data type in C. and they are the character that is cut into the term char, the integer that is known as the int, the floating point, the double floating, and the void.

Char
– used to hold ANSCII characters or any 8 – bit quantity.



Int
– used to hold any real numbers.

Floating and double floating
– used to hold any real numbers and fractional quantity.


Void
– used to declare explicitly a function as returning no value.
– Declare explicitly a function as no parameters
– Used to create generic pointers.

We also learned about the ranges of value of the numbers that a certain data can hold. Ai also learned that if we will apply the modifier, the value will be change because modifiers are used to alter the meaning of the base type to fit the needs of various situations more precisely.I also learned that the list of modifiers are the Signed, unsigned, long and short.

And as the end of the week, Sir allow us to read and familiarize the 32 keyword that we will be using in our program.

FLOWCHARTING AND ALGORITHMS - Joannacel A. Paraiso

This week I learned about the:

FLOWCHARTING AND ALGORITHMS

Flowcharting
- is a two – dimensional representation of an algorithm. A diagram representing the logical sequence in which a combination of steps is to be performed.
- A common method of defining the logical steps of flow within a program by using a series of symbols to identify the basic input, process and output function within a program.


Algorithm
-is a finite set of instruction that specify a sequence of operations to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem or class of problems.

Basic symbols used in flowcharting:

• Terminal- it is used to signify the beginning and the end.
• Preparation/ initialization- signifies the preparation of data. used to select initial conditions. Used to represent instructions or groups of instructions that will alter or modify a program's course of execution.
• Input/Output- shows input and output. data are to be read inro the omputer's memory from an input device or data are to be passed fom the memory to an output device.
• Processing- performs any calculations that are to be done.
• Decision- signifies any decisions to be done.
• On – page Connector- Shows the entry or exit point of the flowchart. A non – processing symbol used to connect one part of the flowchart to another without drawing flow lines.
• Off – page Connector- Designated entry to or exit from one page when a flowchart requires more than one page.
• Flow lines- Signifies the process that is to be executed next.

Basic Control Strutures

• Sequence

-a process executed from one to another in a straightforward manner.

• Selection

-a choice is provided between alternatives.

• Repetition

-provides for the rpetitive exection of an operation or routine while the conditio is true.

Commonly Used Operators in Flowcharting

Arithmetic operators

• + addition
• - subtraction
• * multiplication
• / division

FLOWCHARTING AND ALGORITHMS - NAVARRA

In this week, we tackle about flowcharting and algorithms. I learned that flowcharting is a two – dimensional representation of an algorithm. I also learned that flowcharting is just a diagram representing the logical sequence in which a combination of steps is to be performed.

I also learned that algorithm is a finite set of instruction that specify a sequence of operations to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem.

I also learned that flowcharting uses a lot of symbols and procedures. The symbols that we discuss are:

· Terminal
– its shape is a rectangle whose corners are not pointed
– it is used to signify the beginning and the end.
· Preparation
– also called as the initialization
– it is used to represent instructions or groups of instructions that will alter a program’s course of execution.
– It is also used to select initial conditions.
· Input/Output
– its shape is like a rhombus.
– the data are to be read into the computer memory from an input device or the are to be passed from the memory to an output device.
· Processing
– performs any calculations that are to be done.
· Decisions
– signifies any decisions to be done.
– It only consist two decision, the true and the false
· On – page Connector
– its shape is circle.
– Shows the entry or exit point of the flowchart.
– A non – processing symbol used to connect one part of the flowchart to another without drawing flow lines.
· Off – page Connector
– its shape is an inverted pentagon.
– Designated entry to or exit from one page when a flowchart requires more than one page.
· Flow lines
– are lines with one arrow head.
– Signifies the process that is to be executed next.

We also discuss about the three basic control structures. And that are the sequence, selection and repetition.

Sequence
– a process executed from one to another in a straightforward manner.

Selection
– uses the term if, then and else.
– There is a choice that being provided between alternatives.
– The flowchart already has a two direction, the true and the false which is dependent to the choice of the person doing it.

Repetition
– provides a repetitive execution of an operation or routine while the condition is true.
– The condition is evaluated before executing any process statement.

And lastly, we discuss about the arithmetic symbols that are used and they are the:

Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /

Other symbols are:

= - equal
< > - greater or lesser that
≥ ≤ - greater than or equal to
- lesser than or equal to
║ - or
&& - and
! - not

Learnings of the Week- Joannacel A. Paraiso

Overview of C Language

History of C Language

• B was developed in the year 1970 by Ken Thompson. The said language is a successor of Basic Command Programming Language (BCPL), which was developed by Martin Richards.
• Dennis Ritchie invented and first implemented the C Programming Language in Bell Laboratory.
• C was originally developed under UNIX environment running in DEC PDP-11. "C" stands for Combined Programming Language and sometimes called System Programming Language (SPL).
• It did not become immediately popular after its creation. It took almost six years when many people read and learned the usefulness of the language after Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie created a famous book called “THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE”.
• X3J11 committee -> was created in the year 1983 under the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) to provide machine definition of the language and was than approved in 1989.
• ANSI cooperated with the International Standard Organization (ISO) to refer to as ANSI/ISO 9899:1990”.
• C is often called a middle-level language. C as a middle-level language means that it combines elements of high-level language with the functionalism of assembly language. It allows manipulation of bits, bytes, and addresses the basic elements with which the computer functions.
• Input commands, output commands, and special words often referred to as reserved words allow the use of lower case only.
• They should be written in lower case since C is sensitive to those words. They have only 32 keywords (27 from Kernighan and Ritchie standard and 5 added by the ANSI Standardization Committee.
• C was initially used for system development work, in particular the programs that make up the operating system.
• C is used mainly because it produces codes that run as fast as codes written in assembly language.

Examples Uses of C

• Operating system
• Language compilers
• Assemblers
• Text editors
• Print spoolers
• Network devices
• Modern programs
• Databases
• Language Interpreters Utilities

Features of C Languages

> A simple core language, such as math functions or file handling provided by a standard set of library routines.

> C encourages the creation of libraries user-defined functions.

> C is flexible when it allows unrestricted conversion of data from one type to another, such as conversion of a character to its numeric equivalent.

How the video cards work? - (Joannacel A. Paraiso)

This week we learned about:

How the video cards work:

• First, build a message in the ‘virtual screen’ in the PC’s memory.
• The message to be displayed is next passed from the application to the operating system as a block of memory.
• The operating system then formats the message and transfers it to the display graphic card’s own memory as a pattern of pixels that represent the image or text message.
• The graphics card then reads the formatted message out of its display memory and paints it onto the screen.

We also learned that:
Video cards
-converts digital data into signals that can be sent across a connector to the monitor which interprets the signal into an image. And there are two basic categories of video modes:

• The text mode - which is a type of monitor that displays only ASCII which stands for American Standard Codes For International Interchange.
• The Graphics mode - which is a type of monitor who can display any bit – mapped image.

Expansion Slots
-are located on the back of the computer. They provide access to the AGP, PCI, and ISA expansion slots. Cards are plug into the slots to add more devices for the computer.
Output Devices
-any peripheral device that presents, displays, alters, or records output after it has left a computer’s system unit.Output device data can appear in various forms such as graphics, laser light, sound or text.
Examples of Output devices

• Computer Speaker - convert output data into sound.
• Monitor - most popular output device. The monitor receives signals from a video card inside of the computer and gives the user a graphical or textual display. Monitors are important because they give users a visual presentation of keyboard commands and mouse movements.- Monitors display output data and show users the end results of the processes taking place inside a computer.
• Printer - create images on paper, plastic, cloth and other print media using technologies like ink transfer, heat transfer, chemical transfer, chemical reactions, and physical force.

Input Devices
-any peripheral appliance that generates input for the computer and allows users to enter information into the computer to be processed. It allows users to provide a computer with commands, software, instructions, and information. Input devices are the pathways through which information enters a computer’s system unit.
Examples of input devices:

• Keyboard – the set of typewriter like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer.
  The keys on computer keyboards are often classified as follows:
  
  
  >Alphanumeric Keys = letter and numbers
  
  >Punctuation Keys = comma, period, semicolon, and so on.
  
  >Special Keys = functions keys, control keys, arrow keys, Caps Lock key, etc.
• Mouse – The mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. Invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Center in 1963, and pioneered by Xerox in the 1970’s.
• Microphone – Allows the computer to receive and record sound. Necessary for voice recognition software and any software that needs to record sound.

Five Elements of Computing Process:
- equipment involved in the function of a computer.

• Software - also called “Program”, is the instruction that tell the hardware what to do.n Data - is the raw facts that the computer can change into useful information. The information we get out of the computer always depends on the data we put into it.
• People - are also called the “end users”. Most computers need people to operate them.n Procedures - are the steps or directions that the end user needs to follow in order to complete a certain task.
• SOFTWARE- Provides the commands that tell the hardware what task to perform, what to read and write, how to send the end result (output) to a monitor or printer.
• Data- can be any information that a program needs: character data, numerical data, image data, audio data, and countless other types.

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (Nona SISON)

BY: MARIA NONA V. SISON

When an application wants to communicate with the user through the PC’s screen:

First, build a message in the ‘virtual screen’ in the PC’s memory. The message to be displayed is next passed from the application to the operating system as a block of memory. The operating system then formats the message and transfers it to the display graphic card’s own memory as a pattern of pixels that represent the image or text message. The graphics card then reads the formatted message out of its display memory and paints it onto the screen.

We've learned that video card converts digital data into signals that can be sent across a connector to the monitor which interprets the signal into an image. And there are two basic categories of video modes:

The text mode which is a type of monitor that displays only ASCII which stands for American Standard Codes For International Interchange.

The graphics mode which is a type of monitor who can display any bit – mapped image.

Expansion slots are located on the back of the computer. They provide access to the AGP, PCI, and ISA expansion slots. Cards are plug into the slots to add more devices for the computer. A motherboard speaker provides simple sound output, such as indicating hardware errors during start up. This may either be a motherboard component called a piezo speaker that resembles a small black cylinder, or a standard “voice-coil” speaker that is attached to the interior of the case and connected to the motherboard by wires.

An output device is any peripheral device that presents, displays, alters, or records output after it has left a computer’s system unit.Output device data can appear in various forms such as graphics, laser light, sound or text.

1. Computer Speaker - convert output data into sound.

2. Monitor - most popular output device. The monitor receives signals from a video card inside of the computer and gives the user a graphical or textual display. Monitors are important because they give users a visual presentation of keyboard commands and mouse movements.- Monitors display output data and show users the end results of the processes taking place inside a computer.

3. Printer - create images on paper, plastic, cloth and other print media using technologies like ink transfer, heat transfer, chemical transfer, chemical reactions, and physical force.

An input device is any peripheral appliance that generates input for the computer and allows users to enter information into the computer to be processed. It allows users to provide a computer with commands, software, instructions, and information. Input devices are the pathways through which information enters a computer’s system unit.

Keyboard – the set of typewriter like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer.

The keys on computer keyboards are often classified as follows:

Alphanumeric Keys = letter and numbers

Punctuation Keys = comma, period, semicolon, and so on.

Special Keys = functions keys, control keys, arrow keys, Caps Lock key, etc.

Mouse – The mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. Invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Center in 1963, and pioneered by Xerox in the 1970’s.]

Microphone – Allows the computer to receive and record sound. Necessary for voice recognition software and any software that needs to record sound.

Five Elements Of Computing Processn Hardware - equipment involved in the function of a computer.

• 
  
  Computer hardware consists of the components that can be physically handled.

The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: input, output, and storage.

• 
  
  Software - also called “Program”, is the instruction that tell the hardware what to do.n Data - is the raw facts that the computer can change into useful information. The information we get out of the computer always depends on the data we put into it.


• 
  
  People - are also called the “end users”. Most computers need people to operate them.n Procedures - are the steps or directions that the end user needs to follow in order to complete a certain task.


• 
  
  SOFTWARE• Provides the commands that tell the hardware what task to perform, what to read and write, how to send the end result (output) to a monitor or printer.


• 
  
  Programs- are list of instructions for the processor.


• 
  
  Data- can be any information that a program needs: character data, numerical data, image data, audio data, and countless other types.

Fundamental Idea: Both programs and data are saved in computer memory in the same way.

• WORD PROCESSORS• Is usually the first application that leads people to using a computer for their work

.•SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE• Are commonly used for accounting purposes such as tabulating of complex mathematical equations with a row and column matrix.

• DATBASE SOFTWARE• Is a program that manage large amounts of data organized as fields, records, and files. Database structure information so you can search the database by specific or generalized content called a query.

•PRESENTATION SOFTWARE• Is designed to showcase information to an audience.

LEANINGS OF THE WEEK - NAVARRA

In this week we really learned a lot of things. Especially thing related to card and computers. We tackled about the many things that are very useful for our future.

I learned that video card converts digital data into signals that can be sent across a connector to the monitor which interprets the signal into an image. I also learned that there are two basic categories of video modes:

· the text mode which is a type of monitor that displays only ASCII which stands for American Standard Codes For International Interchange.

· The graphics mode which is a type of monitor who can display any bit – mapped image.

I also learned about the expansion slots that are placed at the back of the computer and provide access to the AGP ( Accelerated Graphics Port ), PCI ( Peripheral Connect Interface) and the ISA ( Integrated Standard Adaptor ). I also learned that piezo speaker is a component of the motherboard and an example of Speaker that provides simple sound output.

I also learned that Internal Modem resides on an expansion board in order to connect to the internet. It also convert (modulate) the digital code into analogue waves and convert them back into digitals (demodulate) at the other end. There is also a power supply that supplies fuel to the computer. And the power cables that supplies power from the power supply to the drives. the colors of power cables indicates the power they contain such as the:

· Yellow wire furnishes 12 volts of power

· Red wire furnishes 5 volts of power

· Blacks that represent ground wires.

We also learned about the output devices that present, display, alters, or records output after it has left a computer’s system unit. The example of this devices are the Computer speaker that converts output data into sound, the monitor that is the most popular output device and the printer that creates images on the paper.

We also discuss about the input devices who generates input for the computer and allows the users to enter into the computer to be processed. The examples are:

· Keyboard that has 6 types of special keys namely Control key, Alt key, Shift key, Arrow key, Function key and the Caps lock key.

· Mouse that invented by Douglas Engalbert.

· Digital Camera that takes picture without a film.

· Graphic Tablet

· Joy Sticks

We also tackled about the peripheral devices that serve specific purposes

and enhanced the computer’s functions. The example of this device is the CD – ROM Drive, Modem, and the External Drive Unit.

I also learned about the 5 elements of Computing Process and they are the:

· Hardware – is the equipment involved in the function of a computer.

· Software – also called as the “programs”

· Data – is the raw facts that the computer can change into useful information.

· People – that are called as the “end users”.

· Procedures – are the steps or directions that the end user need to follow in order to complete a certain task.

We also discuss the Software and its types namely the Application Software, the Operating system, and the Programming languages. We also learned the generations of languages and that are the:

· Machine – language = is the first generation languages and is based in binary language that is difficult for human to use.

· Assembly language = is the second generation language that is used to shorten and simplify the process of programming.

· High – level language = is the third generation language that are like an English Language.

· The fourth and fifth generation of language are closer to the natural languages or rely on Graphical Development Interfaces (GUI).

We also touch in the development of the Word Processing Program:

· Electric Pencil = the first word-processing program for microcomputers

· Wordstar = more powerful that Electric pencil

· Multimate = the first program that made the IBM PC a Wang – Word Processor.

· DisplayWrite = made the IBM PC imitate an IBM Displaywriter.

· PC – Write = shareware you could try for free before sending a donation to the author.

These things are being discussed in this first week of August. These lessons will raely help in the future. And I know that this will last to our memory because this is discussed very – well.

The 3 Fundamental Elements of the Computer- Jannacel A. Paraiso

This week we learned about the fundamental elements of the computer. These are the:

• System Unit>acts like the center or core, processing the data and information it recieves from input devices.

• Input Devices>the one processing the data an information.

• Output Devices>these are the devices like printers. It receives the system unit's processed information.

I also learned that:

System Case

>is a plastic and metal box that houses the components such as the motherboard, disk drives, and the power supply unit. There are 2 types of system case, these are the desktop and the Tower.

Desktop case- is designed to sit horizontally on a surface, so that it is wider than it is long.

Tower case- is designed to sit vertically on a surface so that it is higher than it is wide.

The case has three(3) parts:

• The Cover- can be removed by either undoing the screws at the back or pressing together the clips that release it.
• The Front Panel- provides access to the floppy and CD, a power on/ off switch, and Light emitting dipodes or LEDS to indicate drive operations.
• The Rear Panel- has the power supply unit, motherboard I/O ports, and te Expansion card I/O ports.

Mother Board

>the largest board of the computer system, it conains the CPU, Bios, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and all the controllers required to control standard pripheral devices such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive.

Central Processing Unit(CPU)

>a device that interprets and executes instructions. It functions as the brain of the computer.
There are 2 types of memory:

• Main Memory
• Secondary Memory

Cooking-Joannacel A. Paraiso

In our cooking day, we had so much fun. We cooked Chicken Afritada as our main dish, Halfmoon bola-bola as our side dish, Sotanghon soup as our soup, fresh fruit salad as our dessert and buko juice as our beverage.

Our table arrangement is very beautiful too(you can see it in the picture). And because we don't have available vase, we use the coconutshell as our vase. we also put beautiful and colorful flowers in it. We also put some designs in our food so that it will have a good presentation.


We cooke our foods deliciously too and we are so happy that our teachers like it. And because of that we got two 98% and two 99%.

I am so proud of myself because we did a good job.

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK (SISON)

The 3 Fundamental Elements of the Computer

System Unit, Output devices, and Input Devices.

The System Unit acts like the center or core, processing the data and information it recieves from input devices.

Output devices like printers receive the system unit's processed information.

The SYSTEM CASE is a plastic and metal box that houses the components such as the motherboard, disk drives, and the power supply unit.

There are 2 types of system case, these are the desktop and the Tower.

• Desktop case is designed to sit horizontally on a surface, so that it is wider than it is long while the Tower case is designed to sit vertically on a surface so that it is higher than it is wide.

The case has 3 parts which are the Cover, front panel, and the rear panel.

• The cover can be removed by either undoing the screws at the back or pressing together the clips that release it.
• The front panel provides access to the floppy and CD, a power on/ off switch, and Light emitting dipodes or LEDS to indicate drive operations.
• The rear panel has the power supply unit, motherboard I/O ports, and te Expansion card I/O ports.

The MOTHERBOARD is the largest board of the computer system, it conains the CPU, Bios, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and all the controllers required to control standard pripheral devices such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive.

The Central Processing Unit is a device that interprets and executes instructions. It functions as the brain of the computer.

There are 2 types of memory

Main memory and the Secondary memory

iT's OUR cOokinG daY!! (SISON)

COOKING FOR NUTRITION MONTH

We're very excited at the beginning but at the end, all of us we're tired of fixing our stuffs...

When it comes to cooking, we made our best to serve great food. At the same time, we encountered multiples of problems, including incomplete materials and unwanted circumstances.

But then, we've finished our work at time, and prepared for the judgement... We're not particular with the grades because we've done our best and enjoyed the cooking!

NAVARRA - Last week of July

COOKING AND OUR LESSONS

This week, our activity is so fun. We had our cooking activity because it is a nutrition month. It is very fun, I admit but despite of all the laughter there are also quarrels and misunderstanding between the members of our group. There are arguments and discussions regarding the menu to be cooked and the preparations but in the end, we still make things to be settled.

This activity teaches me a lot. I myself know that I don’t have any talent in cooking but with this activity, there are additions on my brain regarding cooking. And it is also a way of making people see that I can do what others can do even if I am not as expert as they are.

There are also lessons that our teacher discussed to us after that wonderful activity. We discussed the 3 fundamental elements of the computer namely the system unit, input devices and output devices.

I learned that system unit acts as a center or a core that processes data or information it receives from the input devices. And output devices are the finished product or data that the system unit has been processed.

I also learned that mother board is the largest board in the computer system. It contains the CPU, chips and other controllers that are needed to control the other parts of the computer like the mouse, monitor and etc.

I also learned that the motherboard battery is used to maintain or preserved the clock’s time and the stored data while the computer is turned off.